Design & Implementation of Multi-Hazard Early Warning System(MHEWS) for Somalia – Updated, Revised, New Concept
( Developed by Z M Sajjadul Islam for the UN Agency and Copyrighted. This is the newest and most robustly conceptualized EW4ALL. The purpose of sharing this technical document is to capture comments and recommendations from stakeholders and other relevant actors. Please share your comments. )
Executive Summary
The proposed Early Warning for All(EW4ALL) implementation strategy considers Somalia’s existing disaster/climate risk, fragility, conflict, and vulnerability (FCV) context. A robust implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for multi-hazard/disaster risk management governance systems is considered the most appropriate solution to the governance paradox. It concurrently leverages how to overcome governance fragility challenges and bridge the gaps among last-mile non-state development actors, the private sector, and central-level federal and state actors (government) in the disaster risk management governance system. The most considerable imperative is that the Somali mobile penetration reaches 80% of the country’s population, laying the groundwork for an ICT-driven, agile online system structured as an open-ended system to facilitate the implementation of the EW4ALL pillar actions for Somalia.
The proposed ICT tools-driven online system of the national multi-hazard early warning system (NMHEWS) underscores the technical nexus of fostering potential digital partnerships among all actors through the implementation of ICT tools-based informed multi-hazard risk governance management and the overall improvement of hydrometeorological services and Early Warning Systems. More specifically, the purpose of this report is to provide valuable insights into the nuances of ICT-driven early warning systems (EWS) implementation within fragile, conflict, and violence (FCV)-affected contexts against growing natural hazards, offering technical risk-governance and identifying entry points where an ICT tools supported mechanism to link climate frontline stakeholders, community and smallholder entrepreneurs as last-mile key informant and to be interacting them with the EW4ALL system, enhancing last-mile stakeholder digital coordination, optimizing multi-hazard risk-informed and climate proof local development planning, resource allocation, and fostering community readiness to better preparedness for, respond to and resilience-building to any impending hazardous multi-hazards.
All significant inputs for the development of this EW4ALL implementation strategy came from a field mission to Somalia, stakeholder consultations, and a physical visit to the relevant government entities in Somalia.
Contents
1.1 Objective of the Assessment and Full-scale EW4ALL Implementation Strategy Development: 9
1.2 Assessment Methodology. 10
2.0 Challenges of Multi-hazard Risk Management Governance in the Somalin FCV context : 12
2.2 Objective of the Interoperable NMHEWS for Somalia : 15
2.3 Urgency of Implementation of ICT-based Multi-Hazard Risk Management Governance: 16
2.4 Key indicators of ICT-driven EW4ALL action priorities for Somalia in FCV context. 17
3.0 Pillar 1 Implementation Strategy (Improving Disaster Risk Knowledge): 18
3.1 The ongoing SoDMA Structure : 18
3.2 The NMHEWC ongoing operational structure : 19
3.3 Proposed Interoperable NMHEWS : 21
3.3.1 Establish a digital partnership among the stakeholders and prime actors: 21
3.3.2 Design and implementation of an Interoperability Online geospatial system: 22
3.4 : ICT Structures of Interoperable Online NMHEWS Platform: 23
3.6 Implementation of Open-Source Geospatial Platform : 24
3.6.1 Component of Open-Source Geospatial Platform: 24
3.6.2 Installation of Geoserver : 25
3.6.3 Anchoring Google mapping tools : 25
3.6.4 Installation and Configuration of Surveying Apps. 26
3.6.5 Deploying File-Sharing Tools : 26
3.6.6 Implementing Web converting common alerting protocol (CAP )apps : 26
3.8 Improving Risk Knowledge of stakeholders. 27
3.9 Improving Sector Value Chain Operators’ Risk Knowledge: 28
3.10 Following are the recommendations for Disaster Risk Knowledge Management Governance. 28
3.11 Review Stakeholder Partnership & Coordination Mechanism.. 31
3.12 Partnership for Data Coordination and Exchange Mechanism.. 32
3.13 Upgradation and Activation of Interoperable Situation Room and NMHEWS at NMHEWC of SoDMA: 32
3.14 NMHEWS responsibilities for improving risk knowledge : 34
3.14.1 Understanding Disaster Risk of the Locality. 34
3.14.2 Frontline community needs to understand Disaster Risk in their Locality : 34
3.14.3 Enhancing the risk knowledge of Smallholder crop farmers: 35
3.14.4 Climate Vulnerable Productive Sector Departments : 36
3.14.6 Improving risk knowledge of Humanitarian actors : 39
3.14.7 Improving risk knowledge of entrepreneurs & Value Chain Operators. 39
4.0 Pillar 2 : Improving surface observation, Monitoring, and Forecasting. 41
4.1 Current forecasting mechanism of Somalia : 41
4.2 Indicative challenges in national forecasting service delivery : 42
4.3 Recommendations on improving the national forecasting service delivery : 42
4.4 Recommendations on improving the sector-specific national forecasting service delivery : 44
4.5 Recommendations on improving hydrometeorological services: : 44
4.6 Improving hybrid observation. 58
5.0 Pillar 3 Implementation Strategy ( Warning dissemination and communication) 59
5.1 Indicative Challenges of Warning dissemination and communication. 59
5.2 Developing a Common Alerting Protocol(CAP) : 61
5.3 Interoperable risk communication and feedback system with NMHEWS ( CREWS Initiative Support ) 62
5.4 Develop and disseminate a common alerting protocol (CAP) on imminent hazards, weather : 62
5.5 Improving terrestrial Broadcasting. 63
5.6 Stakeholders’ responsibility metrics on Risk Communication and Event Updates. 64
5.7 NCA Mandates National Broadcasters, News Outlets for dissemination. 67
5.8 UN Clusters data contribution for impact forecasting. 67
6.0 Pillar 4 : Improving Preparedness and Response Capabilities. 69
6.1 The central objectives for improving Preparedness and response capabilities. 69
6.2 Recommendations on a coherent sector-level actionable policy framework: 69
6.3 Improving Forecast-based Anticipatory Action Planning Capacity: 70
6.5 Hazard risk-informed Humanitarian actions. 71
6.7 Improving Last-Mile Disaster Preparedness Capacity. 71
6.8 Improving Community-based Early Warning Capacity. 73
6.9 How to develop Anticipatory Action (AA) Framework. 74
6.10 Improve disaster risk financing system: 76
6.11 Supporting the implementation of risk-informed DRM and DRR. 76
6.12 Improve DRM Planning at local level : 77
6.13 Gender responsive DRR framework : 77
Acronym
AA Anticipatory Action
AM Amplitude Modulation
AMM Africa Media Monitor
APIs Application programming interfaces
ARC African Risk Capacity
AWD Acute Watery Diarrhea
AWS automated weather station
BCPs Business Continuity Plans
CAP Common Alerting Protocol
CB Cell-Broadcast
CBDRM Community Based Disaster Risk Management
CBO Community-based organization
CBS Central Bank of Somalia
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CCM Convention on Cluster Munitions
CIMA International Centre for Environmental Monitoring
CPC Civil protection committee
CREWS Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems
CRVA Climate risk and vulnerability assessments
CSO Civil Services Organization
DDMT Disaster Management Team
DFID Department for International Development Government of the United Kingdom
DINA Drought Impact and Needs Assessment
DM Disaster Management
DMA Disaster Management Agency
DMC Disaster Management Committee
DRM Disaster Risk Management
DRMCG Disaster Risk Management Coordination Group
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix
DTS Disaster Tracking System
EOC Emergency Operation Centre
ETT Emergency Tracking Tools
EW Early Warning
EW4ALL Early warning for all
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FBF
FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network
FGS Federal Government of Somalia
FM Frequency Modulation
FSNAU Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit
GDP Gross domestic product
GIS geographic information system
GMAS Global Multi-hazard Alert System
GPS The Global Positioning System
GSM Global System Mobile
GTOS Global Terrestrial Observing System
HC Humanitarian Coordinator
HCT Humanitarian Country Team
HPC High-performance Computer
IBF Impact-based Forecast
ICPAC IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre
ICS Incident Command System
ICT Information and Communications Technology
IDP Internally Displaced Person
IDRR International Day for Disaster Reduction
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development
IGADD Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development
LITK local, indigenous and traditional knowledge
ILK Indigenous and local knowledge
INGO International Non Government Organization
IOM International Organization for Migration
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
ITU International Telecommunication Union
IRV Interactive Voice Response
L & D Loss and Damage
LB-SMS Location-based SMS
LCG-DER local coordination group on disaster emergency response
LNHAs Local National Humanitarian Actors
LNNGOs Local and National NGOs
MoAI Ministry for Agriculture and Irrigation
MoFBE Ministry of Fisheries and Blue Economy
MOLFR Ministry of Livestock, Forestry And Range
MoPIED Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development
MoEWR Ministry of Energy & Water Resources
MoHADM Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management
MTR Mid Term Review
NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action
NCA National Community Authority
NDMF National Disaster Management Fund
NDRMC National Disaster Risk Management Council
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NMHEWC National Multi-hazard Early Warning Center
NMHEWS National Multi-hazard Early Warning System(Online)
MHEWS Multi-hazard Early Warning System(Online)
NGO Non-Government Organization
NMHSs National Meteorological and Hydrological Services
NSO National Statistical Office
OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
OI Officer In-charge
OPM Office of the Prime Minister
PDNA Post-disaster loss, damage, and needs assessment
Q&A Questions and answers
RPDNA Rapid Post-Disaster Needs Assessment
RVAC Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Committee
RS Remote Sensing
RMC Regional Meteorological Center
RSMCs Regional Specialist Meteorological Center
SADD sex, age, disability disaggregated data
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
SDRMCG Somalia Disaster Risk Management Coordination Group
SFDRR Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction
SMS Short Message Service
SNDMP Somalia National Disaster Management Policy
SNDP Somalia National Development Plan
SoDMA Somalia Disaster Management Agency
SoD Standing orders in Disaster
SoP Standard Operating Procedure
SRCS Somalia Red Crescent Society
SWALIM Somalia Water and Land Information Management
SWALIM Somalia Water and Land Information Management
TWG Technical Working Group
UAV Unmanned aerial vehicle
UHF Ultra-high frequency
UN United Nations
UNCCA United Nations Convention against Corruption
UNCDF UN Capital Development Fund
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNDRR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United nations international children’s emergency fund
UNRCO United Nations Resident Coordinator Office
UNV UN Volunteers
VAC Vulnerability Assessment Committee
WASH Water, sanitation, and hygiene
WFP UN World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
1.0 Introduction
Considering Somalia’s existing disaster/climate risk, fragility, conflict, and vulnerability (FCV) context, it is highly advisable that Somalia implement an ICT-driven online platform for a national multi-hazard early warning system (NMHEWS). This system is essential for providing precision-level hazard early warning, impact forecasting, weather warning alerts, sectoral elements, risk-informed climate-proof planning, and support for disaster risk management governance. It will also prepare the climate frontline ( last-mile) for, respond to, and recover from extreme weather events & multi-hazards.
The implementation strategy was derived from the field mission for the institutional assessment and stakeholder consultations of Early Warning for All (EW4ALL) implementation in Somalia. The field mission aims to assess the existing institutional capacity in hydrometeorological service delivery, considering its multidimensional aspects and operational modality.
The primary objective of the assessment is to evaluate the institutional capacity to fully implement Early Warning for All (EW4ALL), encompassing its structure, methodology, tools, and processes. It will also analyze the core stakeholders’ capacity to implement the EW4ALL pillar actions and devise strategies for implementing EW4ALL, considering the context of Somalian Fragility, Conflict, and Vulnerability (FCV).
One of the technical aspects of assessing physical visits is the SoDMA NMHEWC, which reviews the overall operational status and service delivery capacity. It also reviews the ICT infrastructure, database, hardware, software, system components, network topology, internet backbone, data connectivity, and human resources capacity in handling disaster risk information management.
To conduct technical reviews on the systemic structure and interoperability of the EW4ALL implementation of all pillar actions, which depend on coordination and partnership mechanisms, operational capacity to determine hazard detection, forecast production, hazard impact analysis, risk communication, and better preparedness and response capacity.
The assessment is intended to investigate the operational capability of the SoDMA national hazard early warning center (NMHEWC), the Somalian climate vulnerable sector ministry, regarding its existing institutional capacity, technical structure, ICT structures, functional and operational capability of handling the multi-hazard early warning functions, products, services, coordination mechanism, etc.
UNDRR undertook an initiative to enhance Somalian capacity to improve the Early Warning for All (EW4ALL) initiative by implementing all pillar actions with an already developed Roadmap of action plans. The assessment investigated the overall disaster risk management governance capacity and the existence of local government-level disaster risk management systems. Following the typical structures of a Multi-hazard early warning system for African Countries.
1.1 Objective of the Assessment and Full-scale EW4ALL Implementation Strategy Development:
- The objective of the field mission is to assess Somalia’s institutional capacity to enhance multi-hazard risk knowledge, prepare for multi-hazard early warnings, and improve dissemination capacity.
- Diagnose the multi-hazard early warning system, identify the bottlenecks and gaps of the inclusive multi-hazard risk governance system, and provide recommendations and a way forward
- Stakeholder consultation and diagnosis of risk knowledge management, hazard detection, and providing precision-level early warning; multi-hazard risk communication gaps and recommendations for systemic improvements; investigation of institutional mechanisms; partnership and coordination of preparedness and response management assessment; underlying indicative gaps, provide recommendations, and prepare implementation strategy for the Somalian context.
1.2 Assessment Methodology
The methodological approach of assessment follows through several strategic tools, e.g., from March 23 – 27, 2025, to conduct stakeholder consultation with Key Informant Interview (KII) with key stakeholders (sector ministries/departments, UN Agencies ) to investigate the institutional capacity of in terms of implementation of EW4ALL Pillar actions/intervention. Conducted physical visits to review the NHMWEC infrastructure, hardware, software, communication tools, database, servers, storage system, internet connectivity, and digital partnership with other key actors. Side-by-side, the comprehensive desk reviews of all websites, information disclosure policy, strategy, and NHMWEC’s products and services for the end users. Assessment reviews of the current set of stakeholder coordination and partnerships regarding multi-hazard early warning service deliveries, as well as all pillar activities and engagement of last-mile stakeholders in Disaster Risk Management (DRM). Assessment interacted with stakeholders using the following questionnaires to identify indicative gaps.
Figure 1: Institutional Assessment Methodology( Source : Z M Sajjadul Islam )
- What are the Operational Structure and service Delivery Capacity gaps of NMHEWC concerning the EW4ALL Roadmap?
- What about the existing ICT system and structure at the SoDMA and other sector departments (Service delivery Capacity, Hardware, Software, IT-capable, Human Resources) in place?
- What is the level of use of the GIS & Remote Sensing Section (Service delivery Capacity, Hardware, Software, IT Human Resources), Field-level data collection, collation, and production-informed tools ( GIS Maps )
- What about the current status of NHMS, EWS minimum capability in data collection, risk data collection, repository development, L&D data collection mechanism, PDNA, RPDNA capacity?
- Existing capacity of climate vulnerability sector ministries and departments in climate and multi-hazard risk assessment capacity ( methodology, guidelines, tools, process ), indicative gaps, and recommendations.
- Current capacity of sector-level risk data collection, age-sex, disability disaggregated data( SADD) collection mechanism, data-collation, databases, repository & informed tools development ( GIS map/atlas, reports, etc.) capacity.
- What is the current stakeholder partnership and coordination framework structure for disaster risk governance management, risk and vulnerability assessment, and risk-informed sectoral planning, and how can it be effectively partnered with the CERWS GHA and EW4ALL for full-scale implementation?
- The level of the ICT/GIS system, GIS, and Remote Sensing Map production system of FAO-SWALIM
- What is the current level of national hydromet services, the status of observation stations, data collection, collation, and processing mechanisms?
- What is the current data sharing and information exchange mechanism with upper-riparian transboundary ( Ethiopia, Kenya) & inland flood forecasting and early warning systems, inland heavy rainfall forecasting and Outlook System, operational forecasting system, impact forecasting system, and overall forecasting capability, bulletin preparation, and forecast-based early action protocol development?
- What is the current national risk communication framework, roadmap, Structures and processes, national media outlets, broadcasting channels, dissemination channel, community-based end-to-end early warning mechanism, warning understandability by the frontline community, warning receiving modalities, gaps, and challenges
- What is the current risk dissemination framework? How do national Radio/TV broadcasters broadcast access every day’s forecasts, mandates, Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs), and accountability of national broadcasters in broadcasting emergency weather bulletins, weather warnings, and alerting?
- How does the last-mile off-grid remote/hard-to-reach area community/household receive water warning?
- What are the indicative forecast dissemination barriers and challenges, and how can bottlenecks be addressed?
- Reviews of the national risk communication framework, roadmap, structure, process gaps, and challenges
- Assessment of national media outlets, broadcasting channels, and dissemination channels
- Community-based end-to-end early warning mechanism, warning understandability by frontline community warning receiving modalities, gaps, and challenges
- Review local government planning process, gender-inclusive participatory local government /clan level development planning, gender-inclusive DRR Planning, and interventions by state and non-state actors
- What is the current DRM structure, risk governance mechanism, structure, and functional status of the Civil Protection Committee (CPC)/Disaster Management Committee(DMC), Disaster Preparedness, response, and recovery planning process?
- Assessment of the current Disaster Emergency Declaration Process, UN /INGO-led cluster coordination, response mobilization, and humanitarian action. Evaluation of Local Level ( District/Village) level DRM Plans,(Preparedness, response, and recovery ), humanitarian action
- Assessment of Sector-level DRR interactions at the local level, Review of local government planning processes, gender-inclusive participatory local government/clan-level development planning, and gender-inclusive DRR Planning and interventions by state and non-state actors.
1.3 Consultation Process:
- Organize Meetings with SoDMA NMHEWC Team ( ICT Department, hazard risk analysis team, DRR Department, Humanitarian Affairs Department, Planning and M & E Department), and other relevant officials/stakeholders.
- Consultation with the Livestock, Agriculture, and Water Resources Department.
- Consultation with UN Agencies (UNDP, FAO, WFP)
- Consultation with the technical working group of national hydromet services of the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (MoEWR), Somalia Water Sources Information Management System
- Meeting with NCA and Broadcasters to discuss the challenges of weather forecasting and bulletin preparation.
2.0 Challenges of Multi-hazard Risk Management Governance in the Somalin FCV context :
- Political fragility and a centralized governance system for risk-informed development:
Climate/multi-hazard risk management governance processes encompass a concerted approach among sectors and stakeholders that need to address all cross-cutting issues. Systematic and cohesive policy alignments, as well as inclusive & concerted programmatic interventions, are undertaken by the sectors. Inter- and intra-institutional partnership and coordination mechanisms are also in place. However it also requires a holistic sectoral agreed consensus on risk assessment & information sharing, coordination, collaboration, inclusive level of participatory last-mile local climate governance system is in place, local resource mobilization for the climate resilient local development actions, service delivery capacity stakeholders, and inclusive and finally the participatory engagement of last-mile stakeholders and frontline community with the localized risk-informed development initiatives.
In Somalia, federal and state actors-led service deliveries to the last mile are hindered by fragmented and self-proclaimed governance, clan-based fragility, a territorially fragmented governance system, conflicts, and a largely siloed approach to CSO-led local development service deliveries. The diagram below illustrates that Somalia has a limited extent of nexus between the centralized nature of federal, member state governance systems, poorly functioning district local governments, and sector departments, hindering the expansion of risk-informed service delivery at the last mile. On the other hand, the most prominent last-mile development actors are INGO-led CSOs and UN Agencies, which mostly adopt a siloed approach and are less partnered with government actors to bring up an inclusive climate risk governance management system for Somalia.
Figure 2 : Political fragility and a centralized governance system( Source : Z M Sajjadul Islam)
In this paradoxical context, binding all relevant stakeholders digitally /remotely, mandating them with ICT-driven strategic partnership and coordination, avoiding the looming governance fragility, and transforming them into ICT-enabled stakeholder-partnered, inclusive multi-hazard early warning systems and risk-informed local development will be leveraged to distantly nexused the platform to the virtually centralized and decentralized functioned digital multi-hazard risk governance system.
Unlocking all fragmented governance paradoxes to create a digitally functioning and level playing platform with nexused functional partnerships that hold all stakeholders, sectoral actors, local government entities, CSOs, and frontline communities accountable to the affected population (digitally) out of the box, and getting rid of already suffering from FCV paradigms of governance.
a) Current practices of the Silo-approach implementation modality:
Most actors in the federal and state (sector ministry, sector department, district administration) and non-state (INGOs, CSOs) sectors, who adopt risk-informed development activities, often employ a siloed approach, maintaining minimal coordination, partnership, and information disclosure. This approach essentially hinders the interactive and stakeholder-coordinated EW4ALL Pillar’s specific participatory actions. However, on the outset, the Multi-hazard and Climate risk management governance typically depends on agreed consensus on coordination, partnership, local governance system, local resource mobilization for the climate resilient local development actions, service delivery capacity stakeholders, and inclusive and participatory engagement of last-mile stakeholders and frontline community with the localized risk-informed development initiatives. The figure 2 shows that Somalia government sector ministry/department has a limited extent of partnership nexus between the centralized nature of the federal and member-state governance systems, poorly functioning district local government, and sector departments to provide risk-informed service delivery at the last mile, and UN and other INGOs’ development efforts at the regional, local level, which take a mostly siloed approach and dependency on CSOs.
b) Sector level minimal level of data coordination, exchange, and disclosure:
Although having around 80% mobile users across the country, unfortunately, most of the climate vulnerable government sector departments at central, member state and district level have limited level of use ICT systems ( hardware, software, and communication systems), Management Information System(MIS) for systematic inventorying of multi-hazard and climate risk information, lack of tailored risk information being disseminated through the organizational website. Inadequate data sharing protocols/MoUs, mandates by central/state governments on multi-hazard risk assessment, tailor-made repository development, web-based data sharing, and disclosure are needed to support the development of impact weather forecasts and risk-informed DRM planning at the local level.
c) Inadequate sector-level risk assessment, systematic risk repository development:
Disaster risk management planning requires tailored, localized risk information for local disaster preparedness, response, and recovery planning. The department needs to access the information for planning purposes. Generally, non-state actors, such as local NGOs, are the primary actors in last-mile development.
d) Inadequate surface weather observation:
Most weather observation stations are manual, and time-series data acquisition from them does not occur systematically and regularly. As a result, point-based nowcasting services are not happening, and forecast verification is also being hindered. Due to inadequate institutional capacity, Somalia has limited hydro-meteorological data gathering, monitoring, real-time tracking, and forecasting. It is urgent that the WMO, UNDP and UNEP to close the climate and weather observations data gap of most severe shortfalls in observations, and prioritizing EW4ALL Pillar-2 and to call the Systematic Observations Financing Facility (SOFF) long-term financial and technical assistance to support the generation and sharing of basic weather and climate observations, according to the internationally agreed Global Basic Observing Network (GBON) regulations.
In Somalia, the GBON-compliant limited extent of hydrometeorological observation capacity is due to insufficient automatic hydro-meteorological stations on the ground, manual data reading, data transmission difficulties, and regular operation and maintenance support. Hydrometeorological data gathering, monitoring, and forecasting in real-time tracking, exchange of information, and forecasting are limited due to insufficient automatic hydrometeorological stations on the ground and the limited capacity of their systems in hydrometeorological forecasting.
e) Inadequate local-level Disaster Risk Management capacity
The magnitude and trend of climate risks are mounting with the changing climate regime in Somalia. Over the past 48 years, statistics of disaster events show that most of the disaster events are rapid and sudden onset (floods, cyclones, diseases, outbreaks), and simultaneously, slow, protracted droughts are also severe and recurrent, as evidenced by the occurrence of hydrometeorological and agricultural droughts every year. These essentially contributed to the loss and damage of livelihood and productive sectors. Fundamentally, the graph signifies the essentiality of an ICT-driven functional early warning system. Climate change-induced internal and external displacement intensifies demographic and socioeconomic risk factors..
Figure 3: Somalia Disaster events (1975-2024) : Source EM-DAT Apr 2024 ( 48 years Disaster incidence dataset for Somalia)
Figure 4: ICT-based Risk Governance to bridge the last-mile climate risk management( Source : Z M Sajjadul Islam)
Figure 5: Key indicators of ICT-driven EW4ALL action priorities( Source : Z M Sajjadul Islam)
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